“Estimated prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders among first-graders in 4 US communities ranged from 1.1% to 5.0% using a conservative approach. These findings may represent more accurate US prevalence estimates than previous studies but may not be generalizable to all communities.”
— May PA, Chambers CD, Kalberg WO, et al. Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in 4 US Communities. JAMA. 2018;319(5):474–482. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.21896
Judicial System
“Trouble With the Law (TWL) (defined as ever having been in trouble with authorities, charged or convicted of a crime) was experienced by 60% of the clients (12 and over).”
— Streissguth, A.P.; Barr, H.M.; Kogan, J.; et al. 1996. Final Report: Understanding the Occurrence of Secondary Disabilities in Clients With Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE). Seattle: University of Washington Publication Services.
Education System
“Disrupted School Experience (DSE) (defined as having been suspended or expelled from school or having dropped out of school) was experienced by 60% of the clients (12 and over)”
— Streissguth, A.P.; Barr, H.M.; Kogan, J.; et al. 1996. Final Report: Understanding the Occurrence of Secondary Disabilities in Clients With Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE). Seattle: University of Washington Publication Services.
Mental Health
“Mental Health Problems (MHP) was by far the most prevalent secondary disability, experienced by over 90% of the full sample.”
— Streissguth, A.P.; Barr, H.M.; Kogan, J.; et al. 1996. Final Report: Understanding the Occurrence of Secondary Disabilities in Clients With Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE). Seattle: University of Washington Publication Services.
Adult Living
“Dependent Living...characterized about 80% of the sample (21 and over).”
— Streissguth, A.P.; Barr, H.M.; Kogan, J.; et al. 1996. Final Report: Understanding the Occurrence of Secondary Disabilities in Clients With Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE). Seattle: University of Washington Publication Services.
“Problems with Employment...characterized about 80% of the sample (21 and over).”
— Streissguth, A.P.; Barr, H.M.; Kogan, J.; et al. 1996. Final Report: Understanding the Occurrence of Secondary Disabilities in Clients With Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE). Seattle: University of Washington Publication Services.
